This solid acid was a coordination polymer and consisted of 1D hydrogen-bonded NH 4 + Ammonium borosulfate, NH 4, also showed high proton conductivity under non-humidified condition. The anhydrous conductivity reached 1.1 × 10 −5 S cm −1 at 230 ☌.
ZrP-1 exhibited proton conduction behaviors at two different temperature regions.
The layered zirconium phosphate, (NH 4) 2 (ZrP-1), contained an extremely dense network of two-dimensional hydrogen-bond.
In addition to inorganic composites, inorganic crystals also exhibited good protonic conductivity in non-humidified environment. The proton conductivity of CsH 5(PO 4) 2–LaF 3 composite reached the value of about 3.0 × 10 −2 S cm −1 at 150 ☌ under anhydrous condition. F hydrogen bonds the in CsH 5(PO 4) 2–LaF 3 composite inhibited the rotation of the phosphate anions in CsH 5(PO 4) 2, and thermomechanical stability of CsH 5(PO 4) 2 was subsequently improved.Besides the heteropoly acid, CsH 5(PO 4) 2 is the most efficient inorganic electrolyte among solid proton conductors, but its usage is suffered from a low melting temperature, about 150 ☌. The same group then found that the proton conductivity of the MHSO 4–H 4SiW 12O 40 (M = K, NH 4, Cs) composites were about 3-digit of magnitude higher than that of the starting materials, MHSO 4 and H 4SiW 12O 40. New chemical interaction via ion-exchange and hydrogen bonding between HSO 4 - and partially K-substituted WPA were the main causes of the improved conductivity in composites. The 95KHS♵WPA (mol%) composite showed very high conductivity of 1.3 × 10 −2 to 2.4 × 10 −3 S cm −1 in the temperature range of 160 ☌ to 80 ☌ under dry N 2 atmosphere. Among the earliest developed substances, the mechanically synthesized KHSO 4–H 3PW 12O 40 (KHS–WPA) composites exhibited relatively high dried-proton conductivity. Though recognized by all Vietnamese as a selfless patriot, Chau left behind him an ideological and organizational vacuum which the communists did not fail to exploit after World War II.The development of materials with high protic conductivity under anhydrous condition is essential for the development of fuel cells operating at intermediate temperatures. His failure had significant consequences. Finally, he was more a romantic than a Lenin-style revolutionary-prone to desperate acts and to quick discouragement, too impatient to undertake the painstaking work necessary to build a strongly disciplined organization. Failing to see the importance of mass support, he did not attempt to win the active allegiance of the Vietnamese peasantry. He failed to formulate a cohesive ideological position, shifting from traditionalism, to a Meiji-style constitutional monarch, and then to republicanism. A careful analysis of his activities and his major writings indicates that Chau's failure is related to his own weaknesses as a revolutionary leader. Yet he failed to leave behind him a disciplined and well-organized party with broad support throughout the country. Phan Boi Chau was the recognized leader of the Vietnamese struggle for independence during the first quarter of the twentieth century.
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